This depends on ADC. Some tolerate series resistance at input, others don't, sometimes even not very little ones. Usually, you take buffers before entering the ADC. At input of these buffers there should be enough room for RC-filters, so that chokes aren't needed. The output of buffer then is fed directly to ADC input, usually without inserting anything. If you would add a capacitance to ground, then the buffer would see a capacitve load, which is unfortunate. Then, a series resistance would be needed to prevent oscillation. But then, with the presence of series resistance, the ADC could work improperly. So, it highly depends on actual application. I cannot simply say, yes or no.

With digital inputs you must take care of the extremely slowed down slew rate, when such filter is at the input of a gate. If the tendency of oscillation due to the very slow slew rate doesn't matter, or if the input provides Schmitt-trigger performance, then you could add such a filter to digital input.

Normally, such a choke is only added, when the circuit does not allow the existence of a relevant series resistance (supply voltage decoupling, for instance). Then, in order to increase the impedance at least for very high frequencies a choke is used. But normally it's enough to use a RC-filter.

The highest impedance you can get, and this only in the rather small band of resonance of a choke, is about 1kOhm. But with a resistor you can get much higher impedances, and this over a much broader frequency range, if the circuit allows the existence of such a resistance.

Kai